There’s a lot of humility in being an artist you look at what’s been submitted to the show and you try to be fair about the work and about your own that wasn’t accepted.”īut now – back to the art in this show … “Lost Claws” is a fascinating piece – the Portland landmark depicted complete with human figures, lobstering folk and tools all composed of wood, paper, composite plastic, paint, etc. “An artist has to eat humble pie once in a while. “I think a lot of people don’t want to judge, they don’t want to run into someone whose work wasn’t chosen,” Benoit said. “(Decisions) should be based on thematics, something that really depicts the work ethic, workmanship, quality and uniqueness of the work.” As such, he talked about the importance of maintaining objectivity, of not letting personal likes and dislikes influence the decision-making process of who’s in and who’s not. This was Benoit’s first experience as a juror of a show. Greenier invited artists – friends and casual acquaintances whose work she’s loved for years. “I love meeting the artists and seeing art work and I am so impressed with the artists juried into this show,” she said outside the gallery during the speeches portion of the opening reception program. We span the state – including someone from Jonesport who sent her work in.” “About 110 entries it was a difficult process but we’re pleased with the variety. “We got quite a wide variety – an overwhelming response – limited space,” Coates added. It’s a wonderful reflection of the theme.” I felt all of the work was very interesting, hearing of the theme. It was a real privilege to be part of this. This was my first time at the other end of the stick. A minimum of three people is the fairest way to do it. Said Benoit about his decision, “Most galleries have a judge, not a juror or jury, and it’s not really the fairest way to decide who is going into a show. Boothbay Harbor artist Andre Benoit was asked to be juror for the show, but he chose to ask artists Mark Coates, chairman of the exhibition committee and curator of the show, and artist Sarah Greenier to jury the show with him. It’s a fascinating show that I intend to go back and see early next month. While Perry’s work is, in my humble opinion, the most hard-hitting, gritty, in your face work (photography is like that) focused on shipbuilders, her fellow artists depict other Maine vocations – lobstering, fishing, worm digging, farming – sheep, flowers, vegetables, potatoes restaurant/bartending, shipbuilding, the rebuilding of Boothbay Harbor’s 1,000-foot footbridge, pleasure boat trip companies, ice harvesting, and more. There are 75 artists in this show – 16 invited, 59 juried in, exceptional artists all working in oils, watercolor, pastels, assemblage, photography, acrylics, wood, charcoal and more. “Working Maine,” the current show at MAG, was the brainchild of former president Wendy Ross two years ago. Perry has a triptych photograph entitled, “Lunch Break at South Gate BIW” that is even more compelling: the expressions on the faces of the workers as they are moving fast through the doors to get outside in the light, cigarette lighters at the ready if only it was quitting time … His is a hard job – hard on the body and spirit being crammed into small spaces welding and grinding, but he looks young and strong. Kaleb is looking straight into the camera. Kaleb is taking a final draw on his cigarette, barely more than a stub. The first image directly in front of you as you enter Maine Art Gallery is the color photograph of Kaleb, a Bath Iron Works shipfitter taken by Bath photographer/artist Heather Perry.
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You can install this in Windows 11, 10, 8, or 7. It not only converts image files, but also video and audio files. Output Formats: JPG, PNG, BMP, TIFF, and GIFĪdapter has worked quickly every time I've used it, and it doesn't make you upload your files online to convert them.You can easily resize, crop, apply filters, add. For the purpose of this review I will be using the Mac version and while there may be some subtle differences from the Windows and Linux flavours, the core features and. Input Formats: JPG, PNG, BMP, TIFF, and GIF Info All versions Reviews XnConvert is an batch image converter. Write a Review Alternatives Claim this Product page XnConvert Description XnConvert is a powerful and fast cross-platform batch image convertor. One free solution for such a task is XnConvert, a cross-platform tool that is perfect for those of you who find themselves knee-deep in photos, screenshots or other images.There are also advanced options if you want to use them, such as custom file names and output directories, resolution and quality changes, and text/image overlays. You can clearly see the size of the image files before and after they'll be converted. While the interface could use some more detail, XnConvert for Mac makes it easy to change the attributes on one image or multiple images. In its simplest form, it lets you drag and drop images into the queue, and quickly choose the output format. Group for those who want to contribute in the area of translation of On-Screen texts or Online help of XnView Classic. XnConvert Portable could be quite the software choice if you need to edit images quickly, and. Translation of On-Screen texts of XnView MP and XnConvert. I like it because it can be used in two ways, depending on your level of comfort messing around with advanced options. Review by Tudor Sprinceana on June 24, 2021. If converting more than one image simultaneously, all of them have to be converted to the same format.Īdapter is an intuitive image converter program that supports popular file formats and plenty of nice features. Supports a minimal number of image file formats. Requires that you download the software to your computer. This joint test and evaluation (JT&E) was designated Air Combat Evaluation/Air Intercept Missile Evaluation (ACEVAL/AIMVAL). The Department of Defense conducted an extensive evaluation of air combat tactics and missile technology from 1974 to 1978 at Nellis AFB using the F-14 Tomcat and F-15 Eagle equipped with Sparrow and Sidewinder missiles as the blue force and aggressor F-5E aircraft equipped with AIM-9L all-aspect Sidewinders as the red force. The US Navy retired the Phoenix in 2004 in light of availability of the AIM-120 AMRAAM on the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet and the pending retirement of the F-14 Tomcat from active service in late 2006. Its service in the US Navy was primarily as a deterrent, as its use was hampered by restrictive rules of engagement in conflicts such as 1991 Gulf War, Southern Watch (enforcing no-fly zones), and Iraq War. This, in theory, gave a Tomcat with a six-Phoenix load the unprecedented capability of tracking and destroying up to six targets beyond visual range, as far as 100 miles (160 km) away-the only US fighter with such capability.Ī full load of six Phoenix missiles and its 2,000 lb (910 kg) dedicated launcher exceeded a typical Vietnam-era bomb load. The Phoenix was the first US fire-and-forget, multiple-launch, radar-guided missile: one which used its own active guidance system to guide itself without help from the launch aircraft when it closed on its target. Originally intended for the straight-wing Douglas F6D Missileer and then the navalized General Dynamics–Grumman F-111B, it finally saw service with the Grumman F-14 Tomcat, the only fighter capable of carrying such a heavy missile. It was a large 1,000 lb (500 kg), Mach 5 missile designed to counter cruise missiles and the bombers that launched them. The US Navy later developed the AIM-54 Phoenix long-range missile (LRM) for the fleet air defense mission. It would take decades, and a new generation of digital electronics, to produce an effective active-radar air-to-air missile as compact as the Sparrow. The electronics of the time simply could not be miniaturized enough to make Sparrow II a viable working weapon. The Royal Canadian Air Force, which took over development in the hopes of using the missile to arm their prospective Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow interceptor, soon followed in 1958. Also, the launching aircraft had to remain pointed in the direction of the target (within the azimuth and elevation of its own radar set) which could be difficult or dangerous in air-to-air combat.Īn active-radar variant called the Sparrow II was developed to address these drawbacks, but the U.S. A disadvantage to semi-active homing was that only one target could be illuminated by the launching fighter plane at a time. Together with the short-range, infrared-guided AIM-9 Sidewinder, they replaced the AIM-4 Falcon IR and radar guided series for use in air combat by the USAF as well. The F-4 carried up to four AIM-7s in built-in recesses under its belly.ĭesigned for use against non-maneuvering targets such as bombers, the missiles initially performed poorly against fighters over North Vietnam, and were progressively improved until they proved highly effective in dogfights. The early beam riding versions of the Sparrow missiles were integrated onto the McDonnell F3H Demon and Vought F7U Cutlass, but the definitive AIM-7 Sparrow was the primary weapon for the all-weather McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II fighter/interceptor, which lacked an internal gun in its U.S. It was effective at visual to beyond visual range. With an effective range of about 12 miles (19 km), it was introduced as a radar beam-riding missile and then it was improved to a semi-active radar guided missile which would home in on reflections from a target illuminated by the radar of the launching aircraft. The AIM-7 Sparrow medium range missile (MRM) was purchased by the US Navy from original developer Hughes Aircraft in the 1950s as its first operational air-to-air missile with " beyond visual range" (BVR) capability. ( May 2021) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. This section needs additional citations for verification. Testing conducted by Apple in September 2020 using preproduction iPhone 12 mini, iPhone 12, iPhone 12 Pro, and iPhone 12 Pro Max units and software and accessory Apple USB-C Power Adapter (20W Model A2305). Testing conducted by Apple in February 2020 using preproduction iPhone SE (2nd generation) units and software and accessory Apple USB-C Power Adapters (18W Model A1720 and 30W Model A1882). Testing conducted by Apple in August 2019 using preproduction iPhone 11, iPhone 11 Pro, and iPhone 11 Pro Max units and software and accessory Apple USB-C Power Adapters (18W Model A1720, 29W Model A1540, 30W Model A1882, 61W Model A1947, and 87W Model A1719). Testing conducted by Apple in August 2017 using preproduction iPhone X, iPhone 8, and iPhone 8 Plus units and software, and in August 2018 using preproduction iPhone X S, iPhone X S Max, and iPhone X R units and software, with accessory Apple USB-C Power Adapters (18W Model A1720, 29W Model A1540, 30W Model A1882, 61W Model A1718, 87W Model A1719). territories, please call Goldman Sachs at 87 with questions about Apple Card. Tap Download and Install.Īvailable for qualifying applicants in the United States.Īpple Card is issued by Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch. Update to the latest version by going to Settings > General > Software Update. To access and use all the features of Apple Card, you must add Apple Card to Wallet on an iPhone or iPad with the latest version of iOS or iPadOS. Apple Card Family Participants and Co-Owners do not need to have a familial relationship, but must be part of the same Apple Family Sharing Group. Being responsible for a Co-Owner involves risk, including credit bureau reporting of any delinquencies on the shared account. In addition, Co-Owners will have full visibility into all account activity and each Co-Owner is responsible for the other Co-Owner’s instructions or requests. If you are a Co-Owner, that means joint responsibility for all aspects of the account, including all transactions and payment obligations. The account payment history will be reported for Participants who opt in, which could help or hurt a credit score. the account goes past due) or is over utilized can have negative effects on your credit. Being a Participant who is reported to the credit bureaus on an account that has a negative payment history (e.g. If you are a Participant, you are able to spend on the account, but are not responsible for payments. Liquid damage not covered under warranty. Do not attempt to charge a wet iPhone refer to the user guide for cleaning and drying instructions. Resistance might decrease as a result of normal wear. Splash, water, and dust resistance are not permanent conditions. IPhone 7, iPhone 7 Plus, iPhone 8, iPhone 8 Plus, iPhone X, iPhone X S, iPhone X S Max, iPhone X R, iPhone SE (2nd generation), iPhone SE (3rd generation), iPhone 11 Pro, iPhone 11 Pro Max, iPhone 11, iPhone 12 Pro, iPhone 12 Pro Max, iPhone 12, iPhone 12 mini, iPhone 13 Pro, iPhone 13 Pro Max, iPhone 13, iPhone 13 mini, iPhone 14 Pro, iPhone 14 Pro Max, iPhone 14, and iPhone 14 Plus are splash, water, and dust resistant and were tested under controlled laboratory conditions iPhone 12 Pro, iPhone 12 Pro Max, iPhone 12, iPhone 12 mini, iPhone 13 Pro, iPhone 13 Pro Max, iPhone 13, iPhone 13 mini, iPhone 14 Pro, iPhone 14 Pro Max, iPhone 14, and iPhone 14 Plus have a rating of IP68 under IEC standard 60529 (maximum depth of 6 meters up to 30 minutes) iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 11 Pro Max have a rating of IP68 under IEC standard 60529 (maximum depth of 4 meters up to 30 minutes) iPhone X S, iPhone X S Max, and iPhone 11 have a rating of IP68 under IEC standard 60529 (maximum depth of 2 meters up to 30 minutes) and iPhone 7, iPhone 7 Plus, iPhone 8, iPhone 8 Plus, iPhone X, iPhone X R, iPhone SE (2nd generation), and iPhone SE (3rd generation) have a rating of IP67 under IEC standard 60529 (maximum depth of 1 meter up to 30 minutes). More details are available from Apple’s trade‑in partner for trade‑in and recycling of eligible devices. Apple or its trade‑in partners reserve the right to refuse or limit quantity of any trade‑in transaction for any reason. Some stores may have additional requirements. Offer may not be available in all stores, and may vary between in‑store and online trade‑in. In‑store trade‑in requires presentation of a valid photo ID (local law may require saving this information). Sales tax may be assessed on full value of a new device purchase. Actual value awarded is based on receipt of a qualifying device matching the description provided when estimate was made. Trade‑in value may be applied toward qualifying new device purchase, or added to an Apple Gift Card. You must be at least 18 years old to be eligible to trade in for credit or for an Apple Gift Card. Trade‑in values will vary based on the condition, year, and configuration of your eligible trade‑in device. T'Pol, however, is not severely affected by the virus because she has Plot-Driven Vulcan Immunity, which, of course, is the key to the eventual cure that will ultimately reverse this unfortunate condition. For all dramatic purposes of the show's first half, however, the virus "de-evolves" them: Archer, Reed, and Sato become instinct-driven savages who run around in a confused frenzy. In "Extinction," an away team shuttles down to a jungle planet and is infected by a virus that rewrites their DNA and turns them into aliens. Another infamous example is TNG's "Genesis," in which the entire crew devolved into creatures (or, as the episode so brilliantly put it, "de-evolved"). The trick assumes that a person's DNA can be "rewritten," like a hard drive, or perhaps a rewritable CD, and that can thus transform them into something else - often anything else. Voyager practically reinvented Fun With DNA by way of the infamous " Threshold," and DNA trickery persisted in episodes well after that one. Most notably, we have Fun With DNA™, a trademark I get to dust off after years of non-use (an archive search shows that season four of Voyager was the last time). Unfortunately, he plunders mostly unsuccessful material. Writer Andre Bormanis, one of the few Voyager veterans who came to Enterprise, plunders the archives of his previous series. Three episodes into season three, coming off the impressive and focused " Anomaly," this is not what I had in mind. More to the point, this is an episode that borrows so much from the Voyager bag-o-tricks that it more resembles bad-tier Voyager than bad-tier Enterprise. There's nothing about this episode that couldn't or wouldn't have happened (or, rather, can't or won't happen in the future 24th century wink, nudge!) in the Delta Quadrant, as opposed to the Delphic Expanse. "Extinction" plays like a bad Voyager episode. The new name is apparently Star Trek: Voyager. When Archer, Reed, and Sato get transformed into savages and start jumping around like the guys from the Tim Burton version of Planet of the Apes, there's only one course of action: Remind yourself that at least a new Law & Order will be on later tonight.Īs it happens, this episode coincides with the renaming of this series, which now includes the franchise branding. You have paid for the game, so you get to enjoy it.Review by Jamahl Epsicokhan "You never say please. There are no watered down versions and there will be absolutely no in-game purchasing at all – this is a game with integrity. Whether you choose to play solo or online the game is the same. Currency: Trade with locals for essentials and upgrades (No in-game purchases / Micro Transactions).Skin packs: Discover unlockable skin packs to customize the look of your survivor (No in-game purchases or Micro Transactions).Vehicle Customization: Upgrade and reinforce your vehicles.Vehicles: Purchase, earn, steal or repair vehicles.Horde attacks: Protect your living area from huge waves of infected.Building system: Fortify local buildings or create your own base.Infected NPCs: Fast and deadly – surviving is not going to be easy.Enemy military NPCs: Fight them head to head in deadly shootouts, ambush them, raid them, drive them out – they deserve it.Ergonomic User Interface: Detailed but easy to use.Item upgrade system: Better weapons make for easier fights.Crafting system: With the right materials you can make what you need.Animal taming: Wild horses, stray dogs, wolves and birds of prey are all potential companions.Realistic wildlife: Some you can hunt, others are better left undisturbed.NPC interaction: Traders, companions, enemies and more.
On smaller ones I tend to just send a bunch of peasants (50-100) as the first army to clean up the traps and scout for me(since i don't have scouts). Wolf: well, this one is a bitch and really requires different tactics on different castles. Pig: Just a bunch of pikemen, archers and catapults from the side, some variants require multiple armies. But now I like to send in my pikemen from the side with archers on the 'narrow' ends, this way my catapults have free reign on the walls and sometimes towers without getting loses, a lot of archers die though. Snake: I used to send all my pikes to the 'narrow' end of the castle(the one with the gates) and some archers at the other. Rat: basically a glorified bandit camp, I place pikemen and archers on all sides and some catapults on one, this way I get very few loses(~10 archers maybe a pikemen), but it's easily done with lesser armies. Take those out and you're more or less set.ĮDIT: My iPhone autocorrects shit that doesn't need to be.ĪI castles are very different from one another and I'm too lazy to cover them all so I'll just post the outlines on each type. Captains can be helpful with wait for the catapults to do their job, or with a catapult volley of their own. If there are oil pots obscuring the goal, send a few troops ahead to burn it out before the main force advances. Keep about 50 archers far in the back behind your catapults to deal with sally-forth/peasants. If you haven't yet, max out HP for archers and whatever ground troop you use. In this case, nuke the absolute shit out of the archers with your own. Pigs and Wolves, you can pretty much expect to need 2-3 waves unless you're attacking from a full roster of troops (Parish Capital/Vassal). This is usually enough to destroy a snake, rat, or the weak wolf (we've all seen it). I generally send ~220 archers and ~100 Pikemen. Start by sending decent number of catapults (40 is good) unless there are a large number of archers on the outer rim. Stronghold: Definitive Edition releases on 7th November for PC via Steam.It depends on the castle really. Players can expect "a host of technical enhancements and player-requested quality-of-life improvements", too, as well as the chance to "weave new gallant tales of victory by picking a fight online with full Steam multiplayer support" and design their own maps – or try other community-created ones – via Steam Workshop. "This is alongside extra single-player content in the form of a 10-mission 'Castle Trail', which sees players either defend or besiege historical castles such as Warwick, Dunnottar and Marksburg." "This latest entry in the 'castle sim' series features the original game’s classic military and economic campaigns, together with an entirely new 14-mission narrative campaign. "Stronghold: Definitive Edition invites players to relive the glory of the original BAFTA-nominated game remade with new visuals, missions and siege scenarios," the Firefly team teases. You can check out the new look in the video teaser below: Stronghold: Definitive Edition - Reveal Trailer (4K) The game will be "carefully rebuilt using the source artwork, remastered music, returning voice talent" and is being developed by the "veteran developers of the first entry in this legendary series". Legendary castle sim, Stronghold, is getting a definitive edition that will include an "entirely new" 14-mission campaign. Trivial TIL post will be removed.ĭo not indulge in drama, meta drama. TIL posts should provide sufficient evidence/proof to back up their claim. Content which is indirectly related to India or Indians must be posted as a self post submission except global or geopolitical issue which is relevant to Indian can be posted as link submission subject to mod discretion.įull description- Link submission to an article/tweet more than a week old, at the time of posting, should have and/or 'old' in otherwise post will be removed. 9 Content related to India and Indians.Ĭontent directly not related to India or Indians are not allowed.Only the most active post will be retained and the rest will be removed. Posts related to the same issue or incident, posted within a short span of time will be removed. Please read these guidelines to be followed for all types of tweet submissions. Screenshots of tweets are allowed only if it is more than one tweet or the tweet has been deleted. If you think any twitter account should be whitelisted, please modmail. Tweets, in any form, are allowed only from approved twitter accounts which can be found here. 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We are a friendly and user-focused community for Redditors from India. If you want to move towards a world where electronic invoices are used as standard, then it’s best to start using them as much as possible now, and encourage others to do the same.Į-invoicing is an exciting new approach to invoicing - one that offers many tangible benefits to businesses and clients.Īs with everything about running a business, especially handling finances, it’s crucial that businesses get it right. Unlike email, which is standardised to the extent that any of the main providers can send and receive messages to any other, e-invoicing is currently somewhat fragmented.Īs with email, e-invoicing will not become the standard until most businesses sign up for it. The problem with this is that it means businesses operating in different areas will need to adopt different systems to start using e-invoices. PEPPOL is the standard in several European countries, as well as in Australia and New Zealand, used by the PEPPOL network. Instead, there are a variety of providers that operate around the world. For the invoice to work, both parties - sender and receiver - need to be signed up to a provider and connected to the internet.Īs this invoicing system is still quite young, there is not yet a single global standard for e-invoices. This can significantly reduce the risk of human error or fraud. In addition to this, electronic invoicing does not require manual intervention between the initial accounting and producing the invoice. E-invoices are sent directly from one accounting system to another, and as such, they are less liable to compromise than forms of communication like email. The main reason for this is the means of transmission. Greater securityįinally, electronic invoices are far more secure than sending invoices on paper or by PDF. This secures the transaction as there’s no need to share account details. This means that your client only needs to click the button in order to pay the invoice, making the transaction seamless.Ĭlients will be able to pay this invoice with their debit or credit card. Pay-enabled e-invoicingĮlectronic invoicing makes payment even easier for your clients as you can include a ‘pay now’ button that integrates with any payment app. As proof of these benefits, some businesses that are making the shift to e-invoicing are already showing quicker payment times. This makes paying as easy as clicking yes on a transaction that is already set up. When a physical or digital invoice arrives, someone on the client’s end must turn the invoice data into a bill to be paid.īut by using an electronic format, all the client does is approve a pre-populated bill. In addition to reducing the chances of something going wrong, as detailed above, this can also mean that e-invoices are paid more quickly. This means that data passes through fewer hands to get from one business to another. By automating your invoice processing, you hugely minimise this risk.Į-invoices exchange data directly from machine to machine. While you will be taking extra care to make sure that no mistakes are made, errors can happen. They require an extra level of human intervention. What is a digital invoice, though? In contrast to an electronic invoice, a digital invoice is any form of an invoice that can be viewed and processed digitally.ĭigital invoices tend to come in two forms:ĭigitising invoices is a manual process, and digital invoices are usually designed to be easy for humans to read and understand. One way to help understand e-invoices is by comparing them to digital invoices. How is e-invoicing different from digital invoicing? Going electronic with invoicing means that you don’t need to spend time turning invoices into bills - which also means there’s less risk of mistakes being made.Įlectronic invoices are produced by software, without human intervention. Traditional invoices need to be seen by someone who will use a template, an invoice generator, or would create an invoice from scratch, to then turn the data into a bill to be paid. This means they can be automatically read by e-invoicing solutions, rather than by a human, in order to get the bill paid faster. An e-invoice, or electronic invoice, is an electronically (or digitally) delivered invoice.Įlectronic invoices are produced by e-invoicing software without the need for a human to input any data. “Courage is almost a contradiction in terms.“Our nation owes a debt to its fallen heroes that we can never fully repay.” – Barack Obama.“Patriotism is not short, frenzied outbursts of emotion, but the tranquil and steady dedication of a lifetime.” – Adlai Stevenson II.“And they who for their country die shall fill an honored grave, for glory lights the soldier’s tomb, and beauty weeps the brave.” – Joseph Rodman Drake.“So long as the memory of certain beloved friends lives in my heart, I shall say that life is good.” – Helen Keller.“America without her soldiers would be like God without His angels.” – Claudia Pemberton. Without memory there would be no civilization, no future.” – Elie Wiesel To help commemorate the lives of our soldiers, here are some of the best quotes we’ve gathered from the nation’s greatest leaders and writers. You can always celebrate Memorial Day in your own special way-whether it’s visiting the grave of a soldier you knew, attending a parade, or even just offering a moment of silence, no gesture is too small if it is done in remembrance of our dearly departed and to honor their loved ones. We are left in awe as we live amid the family and friends that they have left behind, and we are left to think of what we can do to make our country better so that we can continue to honor what they stood for. They all followed the same path and shared the same fate. They may have come from different walks of life, but they all shared the same qualities: courage, honor, respect, strength, and selflessness, to name a few. Memorial Day honors the bravery and dedication of these American soldiers. We are reminded to never take freedom for granted because so many people lost their lives fighting for what we have now. This holiday reminds us of how privileged we truly are to be able to live free because of the soldiers who served the country and sacrificed their lives. This holiday is celebrated on the last Monday of May so that Americans in the country and around the world can reflect on and be thankful for all that has been done for their freedom. In the years that followed the Civil War, this same gesture was done in many other places in America until it became its own tradition, reinforcing patriotism and love for the United States. To pay their respects and to properly bid them goodbye, people living in the city where these soldiers were imprisoned organized a burial for them. A formal burial was done by the residents of a town for those soldiers who died in prison during the civil war.Īt first, their bodies were buried in unmarked graves and their identities were consequently left anonymous. Nobody truly knows where this tradition originated-many towns claim to be its birthplace. This May, we’re celebrating the lives of those who served the American armed forces and died fighting for us-these are the people we should be thankful for because they gave their lives so that Americans could have freedom in theirs. Each Memorial Day reminds us that freedom can never be truly free, that the lives of some of the country’s bravest have been lost to war fighting for the freedom that should never be taken for granted. counterpart is known as phase-locking value or phase coherence. The size of the neighborhood in the responder is compared with the size of the mapping in the driver. Cross-spectral matrices are estimated via a Welch procedure, that is, they are averaged. State space reconstruction of two nonlinear systems (Rössler and Lorenz, see Quian Quiroga et al., 2000) for the A. Recently, in addition to this linear approach a variety of nonlinear extensions have been proposed (e.g., Marinazzo et al., 2008).įigure 1: Nonlinear interdependence. The performance for the two models is typically evaluated by comparing the variances of their prediction errors. \frac\) are the prediction errors associated with the respective model. In this paper, we report that when a partially coherent beam carrying a cross phase propagates in free space, in a paraxial optical system or in a turbulent medium, the modulus of the far-field (focal plane) DOC acquires the same value as it has in the source plane. It is defined in the time domain as a function of the time lag \(\tau = -(N-1).,0.,N-1\) and is derived from normalized signals \(x_n\) and \(y_n\) of length \(N\) and with zero mean and unit variance as The simplest and most widely used measure of synchronization is the linear cross correlation. Furthermore, different indices of phase synchronization such as the mean phase coherence (Kuramoto, 1984 Mormann et al., 2000) have been introduced. These approaches comprise linear ones like the cross correlation or the spectral coherence function as well as nonlinear measures like mutual information (Gray, 1990), transfer entropy (Schreiber, 2000), Granger causality (Granger, 1969), or the nonlinear interdependence (Arnhold et al., 1999 Quian Quiroga et al., 2002 Andrzejak et al., 2003). Finally, phase synchronization, first described for chaotic oscillators (Rosenblum et al., 1996), is defined as the global entrainment of the phases while the amplitudes may remain uncorrelated.įollowing this variety of concepts many different approaches to quantify the degree of synchronization between two continuous signals have been proposed. The concept of generalized synchronization (Afraimovich et al., 1986) introduced for uni-directionally coupled systems, describes the presence of some functional relation between the states of the two systems. The simplest case of complete synchronization (Fujisaka and Yamada, 1983) can be attained if identical systems are coupled sufficiently strongly so that their states coincide after transients have died out. Synchronization of continuous time series can manifest itself in many different ways. A complementary class of approaches comprises measures of spike train synchrony which quantify the degree of synchrony between discrete signals. Measures of neuronal signal synchrony are estimators of the synchrony between two or sometimes more continuous time series of brain activity which yield low values for independent time series and high values for correlated time series. Thomas Kreuz, Institute for complex systems (ISC), National research council (CNR), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy |
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